Reviewed By
Reviewed By
Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 10 Researches
7.8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 3 Reviews
8.5
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 teaspoon (5 ml)
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
40
Total Fat
4.5 g
6%**
Saturated Fat
0.5 g
3%**
Cholesterol
15 mg
5%
Vitamin A (From Cod Liver Oil And Retinyl Palmitate)
255 mcg RAE▲ (850 IU)
28%
Vitamin D (From Cod Liver Oil And Cholecalciferol)
10 mcg (400 IU)
50%
Vitamin E (As D-Alpha Tocopherol)
6.7 mg
45%
Norwegian Cod Liver Oil
4.6 g
†
Total Omega-3 Fatty Acids☆
1,100 mg
†
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)☆
500 mg
†
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)☆
370 mg
†
DPA (Docosapentaenoic Acid)☆
50 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
9
Cod liver oil aids rheumatoid arthritis
In a recent study involving 43 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, we explored the impact of taking 1 gram of cod liver oil daily for three months. The results were striking. We observed notable reductions in morning stiffness by an impressive 52.4%, alongside decreases in both painful and swollen joints, each showing a 40% improvement. Pain intensity also saw a significant drop of 67.5%.
Additionally, the feedback from the patients was overwhelmingly positive. Approximately 68% reported that the treatment was effective, while a remarkable 95% praised its tolerability. However, it’s worth noting that 11 patients did experience some nonsevere adverse effects, but only three of those were possibly related to the cod liver oil itself.
Overall, it seems that cod liver oil can indeed offer relief for those grappling with rheumatoid arthritis, making it a treatment worth considering for improving symptoms of this autoimmune disorder.
Additionally, the feedback from the patients was overwhelmingly positive. Approximately 68% reported that the treatment was effective, while a remarkable 95% praised its tolerability. However, it’s worth noting that 11 patients did experience some nonsevere adverse effects, but only three of those were possibly related to the cod liver oil itself.
Overall, it seems that cod liver oil can indeed offer relief for those grappling with rheumatoid arthritis, making it a treatment worth considering for improving symptoms of this autoimmune disorder.
Read More
8
We focused on understanding the relationship between cod liver oil—rich in vitamin D—and the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). This investigation was part of a larger study, known as the EnvIMS, which included over 950 MS patients and more than 1,700 control participants, all from Norway.
Participants provided valuable insights by sharing their experiences with cod liver oil use from childhood through adulthood. What we found was particularly interesting. While taking cod liver oil during adolescence (ages 13-18) was linked to a lower risk of MS, using it during childhood appeared to have no significant effect on risk levels.
Moreover, we noticed a strong association between the amount of cod liver oil consumed during teenage years and MS risk. Specifically, a daily intake of around 600-800 IU of vitamin D3 seemed to offer the best protective effect against MS. These results suggest that the teenage years could be a crucial period for influencing MS risk through dietary choices.
Participants provided valuable insights by sharing their experiences with cod liver oil use from childhood through adulthood. What we found was particularly interesting. While taking cod liver oil during adolescence (ages 13-18) was linked to a lower risk of MS, using it during childhood appeared to have no significant effect on risk levels.
Moreover, we noticed a strong association between the amount of cod liver oil consumed during teenage years and MS risk. Specifically, a daily intake of around 600-800 IU of vitamin D3 seemed to offer the best protective effect against MS. These results suggest that the teenage years could be a crucial period for influencing MS risk through dietary choices.
Read More
8
We conducted a nine-month, dual-centre study involving 97 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to explore the potential of cod liver oil as a supplement that could lessen the need for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The participants were divided into two groups—one taking cod liver oil, which contains beneficial n-3 fatty acids, and the other receiving a placebo. Throughout the study, we monitored daily NSAID requirements, disease activity, and safety.
After 12 weeks, patients in both groups were encouraged to gradually reduce their NSAID intake. By the end of the study, we found that 39% of the cod liver oil group was able to cut back their NSAID use by over 30%, compared to just 10% in the placebo group. This difference was significant, indicating that cod liver oil may indeed help some RA patients lower their reliance on NSAIDs. Although we did not see any differences in disease activity or side effects between the groups, the reduction in NSAID usage is noteworthy.
Overall, our findings suggest that incorporating cod liver oil into treatment plans could provide a valuable way to manage RA while minimizing dependency on potentially harmful medications.
After 12 weeks, patients in both groups were encouraged to gradually reduce their NSAID intake. By the end of the study, we found that 39% of the cod liver oil group was able to cut back their NSAID use by over 30%, compared to just 10% in the placebo group. This difference was significant, indicating that cod liver oil may indeed help some RA patients lower their reliance on NSAIDs. Although we did not see any differences in disease activity or side effects between the groups, the reduction in NSAID usage is noteworthy.
Overall, our findings suggest that incorporating cod liver oil into treatment plans could provide a valuable way to manage RA while minimizing dependency on potentially harmful medications.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Skin and hair health
It is my first time ordering rich omega in my life due to a fear of fish allergies. Fortunately, this product is wonderful, has no fish taste, and instead tastes like apples. The liquid form makes it easy for the body to absorb. After just a month, I noticed my skin was more moisturised, and my hair became healthier, which has been beneficial for my autoimmune disorder.
Read More
9
Excellent results noted
An excellent supplement that arrived in perfect condition on time. The results have been outstanding; I consume it daily and will be ordering more.
Read More
7.5
Hormone balance improved
Very good quality for a fair price. The taste is pleasant. This is the second bottle I’m ordering, and it has significantly assisted me with my hormone balance.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 10 Researches
7.8
- All Researches
9
Cod liver oil aids rheumatoid arthritis
In a recent study involving 43 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, we explored the impact of taking 1 gram of cod liver oil daily for three months. The results were striking. We observed notable reductions in morning stiffness by an impressive 52.4%, alongside decreases in both painful and swollen joints, each showing a 40% improvement. Pain intensity also saw a significant drop of 67.5%.
Additionally, the feedback from the patients was overwhelmingly positive. Approximately 68% reported that the treatment was effective, while a remarkable 95% praised its tolerability. However, it’s worth noting that 11 patients did experience some nonsevere adverse effects, but only three of those were possibly related to the cod liver oil itself.
Overall, it seems that cod liver oil can indeed offer relief for those grappling with rheumatoid arthritis, making it a treatment worth considering for improving symptoms of this autoimmune disorder.
Additionally, the feedback from the patients was overwhelmingly positive. Approximately 68% reported that the treatment was effective, while a remarkable 95% praised its tolerability. However, it’s worth noting that 11 patients did experience some nonsevere adverse effects, but only three of those were possibly related to the cod liver oil itself.
Overall, it seems that cod liver oil can indeed offer relief for those grappling with rheumatoid arthritis, making it a treatment worth considering for improving symptoms of this autoimmune disorder.
Read More
8
We focused on understanding the relationship between cod liver oil—rich in vitamin D—and the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). This investigation was part of a larger study, known as the EnvIMS, which included over 950 MS patients and more than 1,700 control participants, all from Norway.
Participants provided valuable insights by sharing their experiences with cod liver oil use from childhood through adulthood. What we found was particularly interesting. While taking cod liver oil during adolescence (ages 13-18) was linked to a lower risk of MS, using it during childhood appeared to have no significant effect on risk levels.
Moreover, we noticed a strong association between the amount of cod liver oil consumed during teenage years and MS risk. Specifically, a daily intake of around 600-800 IU of vitamin D3 seemed to offer the best protective effect against MS. These results suggest that the teenage years could be a crucial period for influencing MS risk through dietary choices.
Participants provided valuable insights by sharing their experiences with cod liver oil use from childhood through adulthood. What we found was particularly interesting. While taking cod liver oil during adolescence (ages 13-18) was linked to a lower risk of MS, using it during childhood appeared to have no significant effect on risk levels.
Moreover, we noticed a strong association between the amount of cod liver oil consumed during teenage years and MS risk. Specifically, a daily intake of around 600-800 IU of vitamin D3 seemed to offer the best protective effect against MS. These results suggest that the teenage years could be a crucial period for influencing MS risk through dietary choices.
Read More
8
We conducted a nine-month, dual-centre study involving 97 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to explore the potential of cod liver oil as a supplement that could lessen the need for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The participants were divided into two groups—one taking cod liver oil, which contains beneficial n-3 fatty acids, and the other receiving a placebo. Throughout the study, we monitored daily NSAID requirements, disease activity, and safety.
After 12 weeks, patients in both groups were encouraged to gradually reduce their NSAID intake. By the end of the study, we found that 39% of the cod liver oil group was able to cut back their NSAID use by over 30%, compared to just 10% in the placebo group. This difference was significant, indicating that cod liver oil may indeed help some RA patients lower their reliance on NSAIDs. Although we did not see any differences in disease activity or side effects between the groups, the reduction in NSAID usage is noteworthy.
Overall, our findings suggest that incorporating cod liver oil into treatment plans could provide a valuable way to manage RA while minimizing dependency on potentially harmful medications.
After 12 weeks, patients in both groups were encouraged to gradually reduce their NSAID intake. By the end of the study, we found that 39% of the cod liver oil group was able to cut back their NSAID use by over 30%, compared to just 10% in the placebo group. This difference was significant, indicating that cod liver oil may indeed help some RA patients lower their reliance on NSAIDs. Although we did not see any differences in disease activity or side effects between the groups, the reduction in NSAID usage is noteworthy.
Overall, our findings suggest that incorporating cod liver oil into treatment plans could provide a valuable way to manage RA while minimizing dependency on potentially harmful medications.
Read More
8
We observed a fascinating connection between omega-3 fatty acid intake, particularly from sources like cod liver oil, and the risk of developing islet autoimmunity (IA) in children who are genetically predisposed to type 1 diabetes. Conducting a comprehensive longitudinal study with 1,770 participants over several years allowed us to track dietary habits alongside the development of autoimmune markers.
Each child's dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids was reported starting from age one, and we investigated how those fats might influence the onset of autoimmune responses linked to diabetes. Our findings suggest that children who consumed more omega-3 fatty acids had a reduced risk of developing IA compared to those who did not.
While the study does not isolate the specific effects of cod liver oil from other dietary omega-3 sources, the strong association we found offers encouraging insights for parents mindful of their child's diet and potential health risks. This implies that incorporating omega-3-rich foods could be a proactive step for families with a history of diabetes.
Each child's dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids was reported starting from age one, and we investigated how those fats might influence the onset of autoimmune responses linked to diabetes. Our findings suggest that children who consumed more omega-3 fatty acids had a reduced risk of developing IA compared to those who did not.
While the study does not isolate the specific effects of cod liver oil from other dietary omega-3 sources, the strong association we found offers encouraging insights for parents mindful of their child's diet and potential health risks. This implies that incorporating omega-3-rich foods could be a proactive step for families with a history of diabetes.
Read More
8
We explored how childhood activities and dietary habits relate to the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) in people living above the Arctic Circle. By analyzing data from over 150 MS patients and more than 400 control subjects, we aimed to understand whether increased sunlight exposure and specific dietary supplements, like cod liver oil, could make a difference.
Our findings revealed that engaging in summer outdoor activities during childhood and adolescence is linked to a lower risk of developing MS. In fact, the most significant effects were observed in those aged 16 to 20 years. For those with low outdoor exposure, supplementing with cod liver oil appeared to offer some protection against the disease.
Additionally, we noted that consuming fish three or more times a week is also associated with reduced MS risk, reinforcing the idea that diet plays a crucial role alongside outdoor activity levels. Overall, our study suggests that a combination of lifestyle factors and dietary choices, especially in youth, may positively influence MS risk, even in locations with limited sunlight exposure.
Our findings revealed that engaging in summer outdoor activities during childhood and adolescence is linked to a lower risk of developing MS. In fact, the most significant effects were observed in those aged 16 to 20 years. For those with low outdoor exposure, supplementing with cod liver oil appeared to offer some protection against the disease.
Additionally, we noted that consuming fish three or more times a week is also associated with reduced MS risk, reinforcing the idea that diet plays a crucial role alongside outdoor activity levels. Overall, our study suggests that a combination of lifestyle factors and dietary choices, especially in youth, may positively influence MS risk, even in locations with limited sunlight exposure.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 3 Reviews
8.5
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
9
Skin and hair health
It is my first time ordering rich omega in my life due to a fear of fish allergies. Fortunately, this product is wonderful, has no fish taste, and instead tastes like apples. The liquid form makes it easy for the body to absorb. After just a month, I noticed my skin was more moisturised, and my hair became healthier, which has been beneficial for my autoimmune disorder.
Read More
9
Excellent results noted
An excellent supplement that arrived in perfect condition on time. The results have been outstanding; I consume it daily and will be ordering more.
Read More
7.5
Hormone balance improved
Very good quality for a fair price. The taste is pleasant. This is the second bottle I’m ordering, and it has significantly assisted me with my hormone balance.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
9
Skin and hair health
It is my first time ordering rich omega in my life due to a fear of fish allergies. Fortunately, this product is wonderful, has no fish taste, and instead tastes like apples. The liquid form makes it easy for the body to absorb. After just a month, I noticed my skin was more moisturised, and my hair became healthier, which has been beneficial for my autoimmune disorder.
9
Excellent results noted
An excellent supplement that arrived in perfect condition on time. The results have been outstanding; I consume it daily and will be ordering more.
7.5
Hormone balance improved
Very good quality for a fair price. The taste is pleasant. This is the second bottle I’m ordering, and it has significantly assisted me with my hormone balance.
8
We focused on understanding the relationship between cod liver oil—rich in vitamin D—and the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). This investigation was part of a larger study, known as the EnvIMS, which included over 950 MS patients and more than 1,700 control participants, all from Norway.
Participants provided valuable insights by sharing their experiences with cod liver oil use from childhood through adulthood. What we found was particularly interesting. While taking cod liver oil during adolescence (ages 13-18) was linked to a lower risk of MS, using it during childhood appeared to have no significant effect on risk levels.
Moreover, we noticed a strong association between the amount of cod liver oil consumed during teenage years and MS risk. Specifically, a daily intake of around 600-800 IU of vitamin D3 seemed to offer the best protective effect against MS. These results suggest that the teenage years could be a crucial period for influencing MS risk through dietary choices.
Participants provided valuable insights by sharing their experiences with cod liver oil use from childhood through adulthood. What we found was particularly interesting. While taking cod liver oil during adolescence (ages 13-18) was linked to a lower risk of MS, using it during childhood appeared to have no significant effect on risk levels.
Moreover, we noticed a strong association between the amount of cod liver oil consumed during teenage years and MS risk. Specifically, a daily intake of around 600-800 IU of vitamin D3 seemed to offer the best protective effect against MS. These results suggest that the teenage years could be a crucial period for influencing MS risk through dietary choices.
7
We assessed the impact of sunlight exposure and vitamin D intake, particularly through cod liver oil, on the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) in veterans with the progressive form of the disease. By analyzing data from the Multiple Sclerosis Surveillance Registry, we gathered insights from 219 veterans who shared their past sun exposure, vitamin D-related intake, and milestones related to their disabilities.
Our findings highlighted that lower sun exposure during the fall and winter periods before MS onset was linked to a higher risk of advancing to a more severe disability level. Specifically, those who had minimal sun exposure during these months had a significant increase in the risk of experiencing major disability progression. On the positive side, we noted that participants who consumed cod liver oil during childhood and adolescence experienced a reduced risk of progressing to higher disability levels.
This indicates that incorporating cod liver oil into one's diet, especially early in life, may play a protective role in slowing down the progression of MS, potentially delaying the onset of serious disability. Such insights are crucial for managing the disease and enhancing the quality of life for individuals living with MS.
Our findings highlighted that lower sun exposure during the fall and winter periods before MS onset was linked to a higher risk of advancing to a more severe disability level. Specifically, those who had minimal sun exposure during these months had a significant increase in the risk of experiencing major disability progression. On the positive side, we noted that participants who consumed cod liver oil during childhood and adolescence experienced a reduced risk of progressing to higher disability levels.
This indicates that incorporating cod liver oil into one's diet, especially early in life, may play a protective role in slowing down the progression of MS, potentially delaying the onset of serious disability. Such insights are crucial for managing the disease and enhancing the quality of life for individuals living with MS.
8
We conducted a nine-month, dual-centre study involving 97 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to explore the potential of cod liver oil as a supplement that could lessen the need for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The participants were divided into two groups—one taking cod liver oil, which contains beneficial n-3 fatty acids, and the other receiving a placebo. Throughout the study, we monitored daily NSAID requirements, disease activity, and safety.
After 12 weeks, patients in both groups were encouraged to gradually reduce their NSAID intake. By the end of the study, we found that 39% of the cod liver oil group was able to cut back their NSAID use by over 30%, compared to just 10% in the placebo group. This difference was significant, indicating that cod liver oil may indeed help some RA patients lower their reliance on NSAIDs. Although we did not see any differences in disease activity or side effects between the groups, the reduction in NSAID usage is noteworthy.
Overall, our findings suggest that incorporating cod liver oil into treatment plans could provide a valuable way to manage RA while minimizing dependency on potentially harmful medications.
After 12 weeks, patients in both groups were encouraged to gradually reduce their NSAID intake. By the end of the study, we found that 39% of the cod liver oil group was able to cut back their NSAID use by over 30%, compared to just 10% in the placebo group. This difference was significant, indicating that cod liver oil may indeed help some RA patients lower their reliance on NSAIDs. Although we did not see any differences in disease activity or side effects between the groups, the reduction in NSAID usage is noteworthy.
Overall, our findings suggest that incorporating cod liver oil into treatment plans could provide a valuable way to manage RA while minimizing dependency on potentially harmful medications.
9
Cod liver oil aids rheumatoid arthritis
In a recent study involving 43 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, we explored the impact of taking 1 gram of cod liver oil daily for three months. The results were striking. We observed notable reductions in morning stiffness by an impressive 52.4%, alongside decreases in both painful and swollen joints, each showing a 40% improvement. Pain intensity also saw a significant drop of 67.5%.
Additionally, the feedback from the patients was overwhelmingly positive. Approximately 68% reported that the treatment was effective, while a remarkable 95% praised its tolerability. However, it’s worth noting that 11 patients did experience some nonsevere adverse effects, but only three of those were possibly related to the cod liver oil itself.
Overall, it seems that cod liver oil can indeed offer relief for those grappling with rheumatoid arthritis, making it a treatment worth considering for improving symptoms of this autoimmune disorder.
Additionally, the feedback from the patients was overwhelmingly positive. Approximately 68% reported that the treatment was effective, while a remarkable 95% praised its tolerability. However, it’s worth noting that 11 patients did experience some nonsevere adverse effects, but only three of those were possibly related to the cod liver oil itself.
Overall, it seems that cod liver oil can indeed offer relief for those grappling with rheumatoid arthritis, making it a treatment worth considering for improving symptoms of this autoimmune disorder.
8
Cod liver oil aids rheumatoid arthritis
We examined the role of cod liver oil, also known as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, in managing autoimmune disorders, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. This study reveals that cod liver oil possesses anti-inflammatory properties that can benefit individuals dealing with this condition.
Participants taking cod liver oil experienced notable improvements in their symptoms. Not only does it help reduce pain and morning stiffness associated with rheumatoid arthritis, but it also allows patients to lower their intake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are often used to manage chronic pain.
This suggests that cod liver oil could be a valuable addition to treatment plans for those suffering from autoimmune disorders. Combined with other therapies, it may enhance overall well-being and offer a natural alternative for symptom relief.
Participants taking cod liver oil experienced notable improvements in their symptoms. Not only does it help reduce pain and morning stiffness associated with rheumatoid arthritis, but it also allows patients to lower their intake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are often used to manage chronic pain.
This suggests that cod liver oil could be a valuable addition to treatment plans for those suffering from autoimmune disorders. Combined with other therapies, it may enhance overall well-being and offer a natural alternative for symptom relief.
7
Cod liver oil's uncertain effectiveness
We observed the effects of cod liver oil on rheumatoid arthritis by examining synovial fluids from patients undergoing chemical synoviorthesis. This approach allowed us to analyze the levels of various proteins, including important enzymes that play roles in inflammation.
The study involved 37 patients, where we measured key proteins like metalloproteinases and plasminogen activators before treatment and again after administering cod liver oil. Interestingly, we found that levels of metalloproteinases, which are linked to joint inflammation, were notably high in all patients.
While the treatment prompted some changes in protease levels after 8 and 24 hours, it did not show clear evidence of significant improvements in symptoms associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Specifically, the reactions we saw in the enzymes tracked more closely with inflammation than with any overall reduction in disease activity.
Overall, our findings suggest that while cod liver oil interacts with inflammatory processes in the body, its standalone effectiveness in treating rheumatoid arthritis remains uncertain. More targeted research would be necessary to ascertain its benefits.
The study involved 37 patients, where we measured key proteins like metalloproteinases and plasminogen activators before treatment and again after administering cod liver oil. Interestingly, we found that levels of metalloproteinases, which are linked to joint inflammation, were notably high in all patients.
While the treatment prompted some changes in protease levels after 8 and 24 hours, it did not show clear evidence of significant improvements in symptoms associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Specifically, the reactions we saw in the enzymes tracked more closely with inflammation than with any overall reduction in disease activity.
Overall, our findings suggest that while cod liver oil interacts with inflammatory processes in the body, its standalone effectiveness in treating rheumatoid arthritis remains uncertain. More targeted research would be necessary to ascertain its benefits.
References
- Cortese M, Riise T, Bjørnevik K, Holmøy T, Kampman MT, et al. Timing of use of cod liver oil, a vitamin D source, and multiple sclerosis risk: The EnvIMS study. Mult Scler. 2015;21:1856. 10.1177/1352458515578770
- McDowell TY, Amr S, Culpepper WJ, Langenberg P, Royal W, et al. Sun exposure, vitamin D intake and progression to disability among veterans with progressive multiple sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology. 2011;37:52. 10.1159/000329258
- McDowell TY, Amr S, Culpepper WJ, Langenberg P, Royal W, et al. Sun exposure, vitamin D and age at disease onset in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology. 2011;36:39. 10.1159/000322512
- Galarraga B, Ho M, Youssef HM, Hill A, McMahon H, et al. Cod liver oil (n-3 fatty acids) as an non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug sparing agent in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47:665. 10.1093/rheumatology/ken024
- Norris JM, Yin X, Lamb MM, Barriga K, Seifert J, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and islet autoimmunity in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes. JAMA. 2007;298:1420.
- Kampman MT, Wilsgaard T, Mellgren SI. Outdoor activities and diet in childhood and adolescence relate to MS risk above the Arctic Circle. J Neurol. 2007;254:471.
- Vermel' AE. [Clinical application of omega-3-fatty acids (cod-liver oil)]. Klin Med (Mosk). 2005;83:51.
- Gruenwald J, Graubaum HJ, Harde A. Effect of cod liver oil on symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Adv Ther. 2002;19:101.
- Blaser J, Triebel S, Maasjosthusmann U, Romisch J, Krahl-Mateblowski U, et al. Determination of metalloproteinases, plasminogen-activators and their inhibitors in the synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis during chemical synoviorthesis. Clin Chim Acta. 1996;244:17.
- Olness K, Ader R. Conditioning as an adjunct in the pharmacotherapy of lupus erythematosus. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1992;13:124.
